Fig. 4

Mechanical value test for the hepatic artery wall in the 3D printed model and isolated swine organ. A A wearable knot tying force test platform consisting of a knob, two pulleys, a slider, a steel wire, and a load cell was constructed to accurately measure the tension in sutures during surgical suturing process. B An external figure-of-8 suture method using 6–0 Prolene was used for the hepatic artery repair, and the mechanical value of the hepatic artery wall tear was measured using the force test platform. C Three 3D printed models were randomly selected for testing, and the mechanical critical values of the hepatic artery tears are presented. D Three isolated swine organs were selected for testing and the mechanical critical values of the hepatic artery tears are presented. E The hepatic artery from the isolated swine did not tear before the Prolene broke. The mechanical values of the 6–0 Prolene fractures are presented